|
The Lizard ((コーンウォール語:An Lysardh)) is a peninsula in southern Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The most southerly point of the British mainland is near Lizard Point at . The Lizard village, is the most southerly on the British mainland, and is in the civil parish of Landewednack; the most southerly parish. The valleys of the River Helford and Loe Pool form the northern boundary, with the rest of the peninsula surrounded by sea.〔Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 203 ''Land's End'' ISBN 978-0-319-23148-7〕〔Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 204 ''Truro & Falmouth'' ISBN 978-0-319-23149-4〕 The area measures approximately x . The Lizard is one of England's natural regions and has been designated as national character area 157 by Natural England.〔(''NCA Profile:157: The Lizard (NE434)'' ) at publications.naturalengland.org.uk. Accessed on 8 September 2013〕 The peninsula is known for its geology and for its rare plants and lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park. The name "Lizard" is most probably a corruption of the Cornish name "Lys Ardh", meaning "high court"; it is purely coincidental that much of the peninsula is composed of a rock called serpentinite. The Lizard peninsula's original name may have been the Celtic name "Predannack" ("British one");〔Padel, O.J. "Cornish Place Names", page 146.〕 during the Iron Age (Pytheas c. 325 BC) and Roman period, Britain was known as Pretannike (in Greek) and as Albion (and Britons the "Pretani"). The Lizard's coast is particularly hazardous to shipping and the seaways round the peninsula were historically known as the "Graveyard of Ships" (''see below''). The Lizard Lighthouse was built at Lizard Point in 1752 and the RNLI operates The Lizard lifeboat station. ==History== There is evidence of early habitation with several burial mounds and stones. Part of the peninsula is known as the Meneage (land of the monks). Helston, the nearest town to the Lizard peninsula, is said to have once headed the estuary of the River Cober, before it was cut off from the sea by Loe Bar in the 13th century. It is a matter of debate as to whether Helston was once a port, albeit no actual records still exist.〔http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/gazetter-cornwall/helston.htm〕 Geomorphologists believe the bar was most likely formed by rising sea levels, after the last ice age, blocking the river and creating a barrier beach. The beach is formed mostly of flint and the nearest source is found offshore under the drowned terraces of the former river that flowed between England and France, and now under the English Channel.〔May, V.J. "Loe Bar". In May, V. J. and Hansom, J. D. (2003) ''Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain'', (Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 28), 754 pp. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.〕 The medieval port of Helston was at Gweek, possibly from around 1260 onwards, on the Helford river which exported tin and copper. Helston was believed to be in existence in the sixth century, around the 'Dowr Kohar'.〔(Short History of Helston|HELSTON HISTORY )〕 The name comes from the Cornish "hen lis" or "old court" and "ton" added later to denote a Saxon manor; the Domesday Book refers to it as Henliston (which survives as the name of a road in the town).〔Padel, O.J. "Cornish Place Names", page 96.〕 It was granted its charter by King John in 1201.〔Toy, "History of Helston"〕 It was here that tin ingots were weighed to determine the duty due to the Duke of Cornwall when a number of stannary towns were authorised by royal decree. The royal manor of Winnianton, which was held by King William I at the time of the Domesday Book (1086), was also the head manor of the hundred of Kerrier and the largest estate in Cornwall. It was assessed as having fifteen hides before 1066. At the time of Domesday there was land for sixty ploughs, but in the lord's land there were two ploughs and in the lands held by villeins twenty-four ploughs. There were twenty-four villeins, forty-one freedmen, thirty-three smallholders and fourteen slaves. There was , eight square leagues of pasture and half a square league of woodland. The livestock was fourteen unbroken mares, three cattle and one hundred and twenty-eight sheep (in total 145 beasts); its value was £12 annually. 11 of the hides were held by the Count of Mortain and there is more arable and pasture and 13 more persons are recordedRinsey, Trelowarren, Mawgan-in-Meneage and seventeen other lands are also recorded under Winnianton.〔Thorn, Caroline, et al. (eds.) ''Cornwall''. Chichester: Phillimore; entry 1,1〕 Mullion has the 15th century church of St Mellanus, and the Old Inn from the 16th century. The harbour was completed in 1895 and financed by Lord Robartes of Lanhydrock as a recompense to the fishermen for several disastrous pilchard seasons. The small church of St Peter in Coverack, built in 1885 for £500, has a serpentinite pulpit. The Great Western Railway operated a road motor service to The Lizard from Helston railway station. Commencing on 17 August 1903, it was the first successful British railway-run bus service and was initially provided as a cheaper alternative to a proposed light railway. In 1999, the Solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 departed the UK mainland from the Lizard. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Lizard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|